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What Is Bankruptcy? Definition, Types and What You Need to Know

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What Is Bankruptcy? Definition Types, What to Expect
Are you facing an overwhelming amount of debt but not making progress? Bankruptcy may be the tool to help you climb over the hurdle.
Written by Sean Pyles Senior Writer | Personal finance and debt Sean Pyles leads podcasting at NerdWallet as the producer and host of NerdWallet's "Smart Money" podcast. In "Smart Money," Sean talks with Nerds on NerdWallet's NerdWallet Content team to answer the listeners' questions about personal finance. With a focus on thoughtful and actionable money advice, Sean provides real-world guidance that can help consumers better the financial situation of their lives. In addition to answering listeners' financial questions on "Smart Money" Sean also interviews guests outside of NerdWallet and creates special segments on topics like the racial wealth gap, how to start investing and the history of student loans.
Before Sean was the host of podcasting for NerdWallet, he covered topics concerning consumer debt. His writing has been featured in USA Today, The New York Times as well as other publications. When when he's not writing about personal finance, Sean can be found digging around the garden, taking runs , and taking his dog on long walks. He lives within Ocean Shores, Washington.





Apr 25, 2022


Editor: Kathy Hinson Lead Assigning Editor Personal finance, credit scoring, managing money and debt Kathy Hinson leads the core personal finance team at NerdWallet. Prior to joining NerdWallet, she worked for 18 years with The Oregonian in Portland in positions such as copy desk chief and team editor and designer. Previous experience included news and copy editing for several Southern California newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times. She earned a bachelor's degree in mass communications and journalism from Iowa's University of Iowa.







A majority of the products featured here are provided by our partners who compensate us. This impacts the types of products we write about and the location and manner in which the product is featured on the page. But, it doesn't affect our assessments. Our views are our own. Here is a list of and .



Important takeaways
The bankruptcy process is a legal instrument to help consumers and businesses resolve overwhelming debt. It's a complicated process that's recommended to be handled with the help of an attorney.
Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 are the two most common for consumers, while Chapter 11 is typically used for businesses.
The bankruptcy option may be appropriate when your total debt that is not mortgage-related exceeds 40% of your earnings and your path to pay the debt is unclear.
Bankruptcy will hurt your credit and stay with you for years, but you can get back your credit score as quickly as just a few months.
There are alternative ways to reduce debt that you can think about, like a .

How do you define bankruptcy?
It's a legal procedure that can provide relief for people struggling to repay the debts. In the event of a bankruptcy that's filed, consumers are able to wipe out a certain amount of debt that is not secured or sign an arrangement for repayment with more favorable terms for payment.
A bankruptcy filing puts an end to calls, debt lawsuits and . The process is complex and the hiring of an attorney is highly recommended however you're likely be able to see some areas of your financial situation improve within six months of filing. Be aware that certain debts, such as student loans, recent taxes and child support, typically can't be wiped out in bankruptcy.
What are the types of bankruptcy?
The two most popular types of bankruptcy for consumers are . Chapter 11 bankruptcy is typically employed by companies.
Here's the full breakdown:
Chapter 7 bankruptcy
It is also known as "liquidation" due to the fact that most unsecured debts are forgiven it is the quickest and most commonly used type of bankruptcy.
Best for: Consumers who have primarily unsecured debt like medical bills credit card debt, credit card debt or personal loans.
Eligibility
The test must be passed test that determines if you are eligible to be a Chapter 7.
It is not possible to have had an Chapter 7 discharge or a Chapter 13 discharge in the last six years.
Cannot have filed a bankruptcy petition within the last 180 days and it was rejected because you did not appear in court or follow court orders, or voluntarily dismissed your own filing as creditors requested court relief to reclaim their liens on.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy
Also known as known as a "wage earners" bankruptcy, it allows debts to be restructured into a payment plan over the course of three or five years.
Best for: Those who have assets they want to keep, such as expensive jewelry or secured debts they wish to keep up to date, like a mortgage.
Eligibility
You must have regular income.
Taxpayers must be current on their tax filings.
You are responsible for Chapter 13 in the past two years or Chapter 7 in the past four years.
You cannot have filed a bankruptcy petition in the past 180 days and was dismissed for certain reasons, such as failing to show up in court or to respecting court orders.

Chapter 11 bankruptcy
Also known as known as a "reorganization" bankruptcy the chapter is commonly utilized by companies and other businesses.
Best for: Businesses that wish to remain operational.
Eligibility
Cannot have filed bankruptcy within the last 180 days and it was dismissed due to your failure to appear in court or comply with the court's orders or have voluntarily withdrawn your bankruptcy filing due to creditors seeking court relief to retrieve the property they held a lien on.

Is bankruptcy right for you?
In the end, filing for bankruptcy is not an easy choice You'll need take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of the long-term effects on your credit and debt. But in general, if:
There's no way to pay off your debts within five years.
The amount of debt you owe (excluding any mortgage) is greater than 40% of your earnings.
You're making every payment you can towards your debts but not making any progress.
Debt payments are preventing you from reaching the other goals of your finances, for example, savings for your retirement.

If you're thinking about filing for bankruptcy, get free consultations from an attorney for bankruptcy and to understand your financial situation and determine if bankruptcy is the best choice.
Do you require a bankruptcy attorney?
The quick answer is: Yes.
The bankruptcy process can be a lengthy and complex procedure. If you fill out the wrong form, it could lead to the dismissal of your case, which means you'll need to wait six months before filing again. To help you navigate the process and make sure your documents are filled in correctly.
Beware in the event that you're considering filing bankruptcy without an attorney: The bankruptcy data indicates that just 1.4 percent of Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases filed without an attorney in 2012 got a discharge, meaning the case was closed and eligible debts discharged according to the Federal Judicial Center.
Of Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases filed with an attorney in 2012, 95% of them were successful in resolving as opposed to two-thirds of the cases filed without an attorney, according to the data of the center.
A lot of bankruptcy attorneys will demand the payment prior to filing, but you can take steps to aid .
How long does bankruptcy stay on your credit report?
Insolvency filing is the single most detrimental thing you could take to your credit score, because it can be extremely damaging to your credit score .
However, there's a bright spot: Your credit can start to improve within months of filing. The improvement can be noticeable in particular if you were already delinquent in your debts.
A report released in 2014 by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia found that those who were filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy saw their scores increase from 538 on average and an average 620 on a 300-850 scale by the time their case was discharged, which is usually within six months.
There are steps you can take to assist .
• LEARN Canadians?
What are the alternatives to bankruptcy?
Based on the type as well as the amount that you have, you may have other solutions to settle your debt.
Make use of this calculator to research your options for debt relief such as an approach to managing debt from an agency for credit counseling that is non-profit or do-it-yourself techniques, as well as consolidation.
Be aware of where every penny gets spent
Discover ways of spending your money on the things that you truly love, and less on the things you don't.









About the author: Sean Pyles is the executive producer and host of NerdWallet's Smart Money podcast. His writing has been featured in The New York Times, USA Today and elsewhere.







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